Differences in COVID-19 Risk by Race and County-Level Social Determinants of Health Among Veterans (preprint)

COVID-19 disparities by area-level social determinants of health (SDH) may be impacting U.S. Veterans. This retrospective analysis utilized COVID-19 data from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)s EHR and geographically linked county-level data from 18 area-based socioeconomic measures. The risk of testing positive with Veterans county-level SDHs adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and facility characteristics was calculated using generalized linear models. We found an exposure-response relationship whereby individual COVID-19 infection risk increased with each increasing quartile of adverse county-level SDH such as the percentage of residents in a county without a college degree, eligible for Medicaid, and living in crowded housing.

Racial and ethnic disparities for SARS-CoV-2 positivity in the United States: a generalizing pandemic (preprint)

The coronavirus pandemic has disproportionally impacted racial and ethnic minority communities in the United States. These disparities may be changing over time as outbreaks occur in different communities. Using electronic health record data from the Department of Veterans Affairs, we estimated odds ratios, stratified by region and time period, for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 among 951,408 individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 between February 12, 2020 and February 12, 2021. Our study found racial and ethnic disparities for testing positive were most pronounced at the beginning of the pandemic and decreased over time. A key finding was that the disparity among Hispanic individuals attenuated but remained elevated over the entire study period. We identified variation in racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 positivity by time and region independent of underlying health status and other key factors in a nationwide cohort, which provides important insight for strategies to contain and prevent further outbreaks.